Quantitative Research Articles Summary

·         IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.Quantitative Research DesignsQuantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study. Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods thoroughly describes several major reseach.Experimental ResearchExperimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study’s participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.Quasi-Experimental ResearchQuasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducing bullying in a school district. You provide the training to the fourth through sixth grades in one school but not in another, assuming a large school district in which there are two or more middle schools. You could randomly select which school receives the curriculum (treatment group) and which does not (control group), but you cannot assign individuals to either group. With quasi-experimental studies, it is particularly important for the researcher to carefully consider the threats to validity in the interpretation of the results.Factorial DesignsQuantitative studies which have the large sample sizes required to maintain sufficient statistical power may be used to examine the interactive effects of more than one independent variable. For instance, one might examine whether or not people with different personality types, as measured on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, respond differently to different types of counseling treatments, while also examining whether or not men and women respond in the same ways to various treatments. When previous research suggests that there may be differential effects on people due to some demographic factor, then one would need to adopt a factorial design to control for these differential effects. Otherwise, the validity of the study could be limited.Descriptive DesignsDescriptive studies attempt to improve understanding of a phenomenon, either by describing it in succinct quantitative terms or by describing its underlying factors. The goal is not to establish a cause-and-effect relationship, but to use statistics (such as descriptive statistics, correlation, or multiple regression) or data reduction procedures (such as cluster analysis, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling) to better understand a phenomenon or relationship. Causation cannot be inferred when descriptive designs are used.Meta-AnalysisMeta-analysis is a statistical procedure which is also considered a non-experimental design (Erford, 2015, p. 139) for determining the degree to which a number of studies examining the same phenomena are in agreement. It takes the standard literature review to another level where statistics are applied in determining an overall effect size. In essence, meta-analysis combines several studies and analyzes them as though they were one big study.ReferenceErford, B. T. (2015). Research and evaluation in counseling (2nd ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage.ObjectivesTo successfully complete this learning unit, you will be expected to:1.    Summarize the methodological structure of quantitative studies.AssignmentQuantitative Research Articles SummaryAfter studying the introduction to this unit and completing the study activities, briefly compare the uses of the research designs employed in the studies. What is each research design used to determine (for example, relationships between variables, differences among groups)? For one of the quantitative studies, summarize how the quantitative studies, summarize how the sampling, data collection, and data analysis procedures worked together to address the hypothesis. The post should be written in your own words, not direct quotes from the article. Incorporate material from the course text in a meaningful way.The suggested length for this post is 400–500 words.

 
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Mental heath issues

APA research paper on mental health issues and the impact on college students.

 
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Mindfulness

How does using mindfulness help teach beginning therapists?

 
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In the nature-nurture debate, the term nature primarily refers to:

In the nature-nurture debate, the term nature primarily refers to:

 
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Anxiety Disorder Treatment

SEE ATTACHED RUBRICMedication alone is usually not as successful in treating anxiety disorders when compared to treatments involving both psychotherapy and pharmaceuticals. Conduct contemporary scholarly research about why this is the case.Write a 1,200-1,500-word essay about your findings on why prescriptions alone are not as effective as psychotherapy in combination with medication for treating anxiety disorders. Be sure to include specific data that supports your claims.Include a minimum of five scholarly references in addition to the textbook in your paper.Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 
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PHASE 1 IP

1000-1200 wordsSTRICT APA FORMATAbnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology with DSM-V Updates by Wicks-Nelson AS A REFERENCEYou are a counselor in a rural area. Your supervisor asks you to visit the home of a child who has become violent. The mother states that the father is a strict disciplinarian. He uses a belt to whip the kids when they do not do what is expected of them, even if it is trivial. She supports the father because she tells you that is what a dutiful wife does. She is afraid to question her husband because of his violent tendencies, and he is the family’s only means of financial support.Given the information for this family’s case, discuss the following in your response:What cultural differences and similarities do you share with this family, and what might you need to learn more about to gain an understanding of the family’s situation so you can appropriately assist its members?Include your cultural vantage point in this explanation.How would you use what you know about human needs to build a bridge in your meetings with this particular family?

 
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Annotated Bibliography Lit Rev

Mental healthcare disparities experienced by African immigrants

 
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Need help with this.

Provide a response to the following questions.1.     The Wilcox & Keselman (2003) article from this week’s electronic readings discusses two problems with measures of central tendency: skewness of the data and outliers. Discuss each of these issues and how they affect measures of central tendency.2.     For the following scores, find the mean, median, and mode. Which would be the most appropriate  measure for this data set? You may use Microsoft® Excel® data anlysis to compute these statistics.  You may copy your output from Microsoft® Excel® into this worksheet.2, 2, 0, 5,1, 4,1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 0,1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 13.     Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?a.     The time (in years) it takes a sample of students to graduate college.b.     The blood type (such as A, B, AB, or O) of a group of participants.c.     The rankings of college undergraduate academic programs.4.     How do the sample mean and the population mean differ? What is the symbol for each type of mean?5.     An expert reviews a sample of 10 scientific articles (n = 10) and records the following numbers of error in each article: 0, 4, 2, 8, 2, 3, 1, 0, 5, and 7. Compute the SS, the variance, and the standard deviation for this sample using the definitional and computational formulas. You may use Microsoft® Excel® data anlysis to compute these statistics. You may copy your output from Microsoft® Excel® into this worksheet.6.     A psychologist interested in political behavior measured the square footage of the desks in the official office of four U.S. governors and of four CEOs of major U.S. corporations. The figures for the governors were 44, 36, 52, and 40 square feet. The figures for the CEOs were 32, 60, 48, 36 square feet.a.     Figure the means and standard deviations for the each group: governors and CEOs.b.     Explain, to a person who has never had a course in statistics, what you have done.c.     Note the ways in which the means and standard deviations differ, and speculate on the possible meaning of these differences, presuming they are representative of U.S. governors and large corporations’ CEOs in general.7.     Radel and colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling overly controlled makes you desire—even unconsciously—more freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian undergraduates played a video game in a laboratory and were randomly assigned to one1 of the following:·         An automony deprivation condition, in which they were told to follow instructions precisely, constantly given instructions over a loudspeaker, and carefully observed on everything they did.·         A neutral condition, which was much more laid back.After this activity, they were asked to do a lexical decision task (a standard approach for measuring unconscious responses), in which they were shown a series of words and nonwords in random order and had to press C if it was a real word or N if not. Half of the real words were related to autonomy (such as freedom and choice), and half were neutral (such as whisper and hammer). The key focus of the study was on how long it took people to press the button (response latency) for each kind of real word, averaged over the many words of each type. The table below shows the mean and standard deviation across the participants of these four categories of results. For example, 782 milliseconds (thousandths of a second) is the average time it took participants in the autonomy-deprived condition to respond to the autonomy-related words, and 211 is the standard deviation across the 26 participants’ average response time in that condition. Explain the numbers in this table to a person who has never taken a course in statistics. (Be sure to explain some specific numbers, as well as the general principle of the mean and standard deviation.) For your interest, the pattern of results shown here supported the researchers’ hypothesis: “Relative to a neutral instructional climate, a controlling climate thwarting the need for autonomy…enhanced accessibility for autonomy-related words” (p. 924).Mean Latencies (in Milliseconds) in the Lexical Task Assessing Accessibility for Autonomy-Related Constructs (Experiment 1)ConditionAutonomy DeprivationNeutralConstructMSDMSDAutonomy-related words782211857243Neutral words8352588413018.     A researcher records the levels of attraction for various fashion models among college students. He finds that mean levels of attraction are much higher than the median and the mode for these data.a.     What is the shape of the distribution for the data in this study?b.     What measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing these data? Why?9.     An organizational psychologist measures levels of job satisfaction in a sample of 30 participants. To measure the variance of job satisfaction, it is calculated that the SS = 120 for this sample.What are the degrees of freedom for the variance?Compute the variance and standard deviation (you will have to do this one by hand).10.  State the three empirical rules for a normal distribution with any mean and varaince.

 
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Module 1 – SLP Health and Culture

Purcell, N., & Cutchen, L. (2013). Diabetes self-management education for African Americans: Using the PEN-3 model to assess needs. American Journal of Health Education, 44(4), 203-212You will use the information in the selected publication as you go through the phases of applying the PEN-3 model to develop a hypothetical health education program.Provide a brief overview of the health issue among the population in the article selected above, statistics about the scope of the problem, and its implications for health.You may consider selecting one of the Module readings:Whembolua, Conserve & Tshiswaka, 2015: Selected population is African Americans, and the Health issue is Diabetes; orShahbazi, Ghofranipour, Amiri & Rajab, 2018: Selected Population is Hispanics, and the Health issue is Obesity.Describe the Cultural Identity of the population. Specifically address how each of the PEN-3 model’s three factors within Cultural Identity applies to the chosen population and provide examples. Use subheadings to clearly show that you have addressed each of the three factors. For instance, for the Whembolua, Conserve & Tshiswaka, 2015 article:Person – Describe cultural values, beliefs, attitudes unique to African Americans and how these individual characteristics relate to individual health seeking behaviorExtended Family – Describe the role of the extended family in health decision making, cultural beliefs on health and illnesses etc.Neighborhood – Describe the role of community influence on health behaviors, community support structures, if any etc.Support your discussion with references from scholarly and professional references (not just your opinion).Reflect on the required readings, the article you choose for this assignment, and your own beliefs. Then, briefly describe how culture influences health care and what you learned that could help you effectively interact with diverse cultures in the health care setting.3 pages

 
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Discussion 6 PSY 535

Please help with assignment

 
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